Nuclear Power Plant Materials and Services

1.1. Reactor Pressure Vessels (RPVs)

Installation of Fuqing Unit 6 HPR1000 Reactor (1000MWe) in China's Fujian province Source: China National Nuclear Commission

The RPV is a thick-walled steel vessel that holds the nuclear fuel. It is very difficult to make and requires special manufacturing skills. A typical RPV like the HPR1000 has an inside diameter of 4.6 meters and height of 12 meters, weighing 330 tons. Making it requires huge forging presses of over 10,000 tonnes capacity.

Few companies around the world possess the capability to manufacture the RPV. The USA, for example, according to a 2018 Department of Energy report, even though the United States leads in global nuclear power generation, it relies on foreign suppliers for large nuclear components for its new reactors due to high costs.

For instance, the projected cost for establishing a domestic ultra-large forging facility capable of producing these components in the U.S. was approximately $2 billion (KSh 255.14 billion). A single forged pressure vessel can cost around $150 million (KSh 19.14 billion) to produce.

It would be quite costly for Kenya to set up shop for these huge presses, perhaps in the future with a highly developed nuclear program.

Key international manufacturers include:

• Doosan Enerbility (South Korea)
• Japan Steel Works (Japan)
• China First Heavy Industries (China)

Local Potential: Given the extreme material science, forging capacity, and cost ($2 billion setup), Kenya's current contribution is limited to support services. Kenyan companies can provide support structures, handling equipment, and installation help under the strict supervision of the international nuclear vendor.

1.2. Steam Generators

Steam Generator manufactured by Framatome delivered to Cruas-Meyss, France Source: World Nuclear News

Steam generators transfer heat from the reactor to create steam for electricity. They are huge, specialized heat exchangers that act as a primary barrier between the radioactive and non-radioactive loops. Typical steam generators are 21 meters tall and weigh up to 800 tons. Each contains 3,000 to 16,000 tubes made of corrosion-resistant alloys like Inconel 690, which demand extremely high precision welding and inspection standards. The Steam Generator, just like the RPV, requires immense forging and precision manufacturing capabilities. Major international manufacturers, who hold the intellectual property and unique production capabilities, include Shanghai Electric and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.

Local Potential: As with the RPV, the complexity of materials (e.g., Inconel tubes) and manufacturing techniques makes local production unfeasible at present. Kenya's potential lies in providing robust support structures, specialized handling and transport logistics (as detailed in section 1.7), and installation and pre-commissioning assistance under the vendor's supervision.

1.3. Primary Coolant Pumps

These pumps circulate high-pressure water through the reactor core, ensuring heat is removed safely. They must be extremely reliable to operate continuously for decades without failure. The pumps are 5–8 meters tall, weigh 50–100 tons, and use large motors up to 6.3 MW. They can deliver flow rates of over 20,000 m³/h at pressures up to 15 MPa. They are designed to last the full 60 years life cycle of a nuclear power plant. Only a few specialized companies worldwide (e.g., Curtiss-Wright, Flowserve, China's Harbin Electric) manufacture nuclear-grade coolant pumps that meet the strict safety standards (e.g., ASME Section III) for performance, seismic resistance, and reliability.

A Primary coolant pump. Source: World Nuclear News

Local Potential: The need for specialized materials (nuclear-grade stainless steel) and precision casting/dynamic balancing limits local manufacturing. Kenya's main potential is in providing non-nuclear auxiliary motor assembly services (if simplified components are used), support structures, heavy handling equipment for placement, and installation services under international QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) supervision.

1.4. Containment Buildings

Image showing complete concreting of containment building at Zhangzhou 1 NPP in China's Fujian province Source: World Nuclear News

The containment building is the ultimate safety barrier, housing the reactor and critical safety systems. It is designed to withstand extreme events, including earthquakes, massive internal pressure surges, and a 400-ton aircraft crash.

Modern containments, such as the AP1000’s 45-meter-diameter, 65-meter-high steel-concrete hybrid, feature 1.2–2.4-meter-thick reinforced concrete walls with a 6–40 mm carbon steel liner (ASTM A516). The structure uses approximately 40,000 m³ of high-density concrete (typically 70 MPa) and over 5,000 metric tons of high-strength rebar (A615 Grade 75). The Chinese 3rd generation 1000MW reactor Hualong 1 uses a containment vessel of diameter 46m and height 69m, with two robust concrete shells of 1.3 m and 1.8 m.

For Kenya's nuclear plant, local construction companies can contribute significantly, provided they can meet special material and quality assurance requirements:

1. Special Radiation-Shielding Concrete:

• Requires high-density concrete with special aggregates like barite or magnetite.
• Must achieve low porosity for effective radiation protection.
• Must meet precise strength (e.g., 70 MPa) and placement specifications.

2. Steel and Rebar Requirements:

• High-strength rebar (ASTM A615 Grade 60 or 75) for structural integrity.
• Steel plates (ASTM A36 or A516) for the critical leak-tight containment liner.

Local Potential: This section represents Kenya's most significant potential for localization and technology transfer. Kenya has established capabilities in concrete batching, rebar fabrication, and large-scale formwork and general construction. However, achieving nuclear-grade quality requires:

• International Partnerships: To transfer expertise in high-density aggregate sourcing and high-strength concrete mix design.
• Certification: Local construction firms, welders, and NDT personnel (as noted in Section 1.6) must be certified to international nuclear standards (e.g., ASME, RCC-M) to handle the containment liner welding and high-strength rebar installation.

1.5. Other Critical Components

Fuel Assemblies, Fuel Rods, Control Rods, Valves and Piping

Fuel assemblies contain multiple fuel rods, which hold uranium oxide fuel pellets. The rods are made of zirconium alloys and require precision manufacturing under extremely clean, controlled conditions. Control rods absorb neutrons to control the nuclear reaction, using materials like boron carbide or hafnium.

Image showing a fuel assembly. Contains fuel rods containing uranium oxide fuel pellets. Source: World Nuclear Association

Local Potential for Fuel and Control Rods: Extremely Limited. The manufacturing involves highly specialized, proprietary technology (zirconium alloy cladding, uranium processing, and pellet fabrication) that is centrally controlled by a few international suppliers for proliferation and safety reasons.

Nuclear-grade valves and piping must withstand high pressure, temperature, and radiation while maintaining leak-tightness. This requires specialized material selection and stringent Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of welds.

Local Potential for Valves and Piping: Kenya can engage in fabrication and installation of non-nuclear, auxiliary system piping and basic support piping. Critical primary circuit piping must be sourced internationally, but local welding and inspection personnel (certified to ASME standards) can be utilized for the installation of both primary and secondary circuits under direct supervision.

1.6. Welding Requirements for Nuclear Island

Welding is one of the most critical processes in nuclear plant construction, requiring the highest quality standards, especially for components like the RPV, primary piping, and containment liner. All welds are subject to 100% inspection using non-destructive testing methods.

Required Certifications and Standards:

Nuclear welding requires special certifications beyond standard welding qualifications:

• ASME Section IX (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) - Qualification standard for welding and brazing procedures
• RCC-M Code (French nuclear design and construction rules) - Design and construction rules for mechanical components of PWR nuclear islands
• AWS Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) - American Welding Society certification for welding inspectors
• Rigorous Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is mandatory:
  • Radiographic (X-ray) Testing - ASTM E1742 Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
  • ASNT SNT-TC-1A - Standard for qualification and certification of NDT personnel

Local Potential:

This is a key area for high-value skills development. While specialized welding like Tube-to-tubesheet requires highly automated systems, Kenyan welders and NDT technicians can be trained and certified to perform containment liner welding, rebar splicing, and balance-of-plant (BOP) piping welds. Achieving nuclear certification (e.g., ASME or RCC-M qualifications) for hundreds of personnel represents a significant, long-term opportunity for local workforce upskilling and job creation.

1.7. Material Handling Equipment for Nuclear Island

Specialized equipment is essential to handle the extremely large, heavy, and irreplaceable nuclear components (like the 330-ton RPV and 800-ton Steam Generator) safely and precisely.

Key Equipment:

• Crawler Cranes: For heaviest components (RPV, Steam generator) with capacity typically 1,000+ tons.
• Polar Cranes: Special cranes permanently installed within the containment building for refueling and component replacement (1,000+ tons capacity).
• Self-Propelled Modular Transporters (SPMTs): For precise on-site movement of massive, multi-hundred-ton components.

Fangjiashan NPP Material Handling Equipment Specifications

The example of the Fangjiashan NPP demonstrates the scale of equipment needed:

Local Potential: While the largest, most specialized cranes (1000+ ton capacity) and SPMTs will be rented or leased from international specialists, Kenya's established construction industry can provide medium-capacity tower cranes (up to 50 tons), general overhead cranes (5-100 tons), heavy haul trucks, and general lifting gear (e.g., specialized slings and spreader beams). Most importantly, Kenyan personnel can be trained to operate and maintain this equipment, forming a highly skilled, certified rigging and lifting team, which is critical for all heavy-lift operations.

1.8. Human Resource Requirements

Operating a nuclear power plant requires a rigorously trained, highly disciplined workforce certified by the national nuclear regulator. Global best practice, followed in countries like Pakistan (for Hualong One) and the UAE (for Barakah), requires that personnel have a strong academic foundation before specialized training.

Operator Training Requirements (International Standards)

Academic Prerequisite: A bachelor's degree in engineering (mechanical, electrical, chemical, nuclear) or another STEM field is required for operators (IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 50).

Structured Training Pathway (2–3 years):

• Classroom Training (6–12 months): In-depth coverage of reactor systems, nuclear safety, and procedures (IAEA NP-T-3.12).
• Simulator Training (6–12 months): Full-scope control room simulations required by IAEA Safety Standards (IAEA SSG-39).
• On-the-Job Training: Hands-on work under licensed senior operators.
• Licensing Exams: Mandatory theoretical and practical examinations overseen by the national regulator (KNRA in Kenya).

Case Study: Pakistan's Hualong One Operators

Pakistan's operators for the K-2 and K-3 Hualong One reactors received multi-year operational training from the vendor:

• CNNC Training Centers: Included hands-on training at the Fuqing NPP full-scope Hualong One simulator (World Nuclear News, 2021).
• China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC): For advanced systems training (CNNC Official Website).

Foundational Safety Training

All personnel must complete safety training covering:

• Radiation protection (IAEA GSR Part 3).
• Human performance and safety culture (INSAG-4).
• Emergency preparedness (IAEA GS-R-2).
• Quality assurance (QA/QC) (IAEA GS-G-3.1).

Local Potential: This is Kenya's highest area of potential for complete localization. Kenya has a strong foundation of STEM graduates from institutions like the University of Nairobi, JKUAT, and Moi University. The strategy should be to create nuclear-specific university and TVET curricula and partner with international vendors and the IAEA to provide the necessary multi-year, specialized, and certified training. This will ensure that all operations, maintenance, and technical support staff are Kenyan citizens, securing long-term, high-value employment.

Nuclear Island Components, Materials and Equipment Overview

2.1. Steam Turbines and Generators

The massive Steam turbine and generator form the "Conventional Island" of the nuclear power plant. This means it's a section that is typically found in many other types of power generating plants such as Geothermal and thermal plants.

Image showing inside a Nuclear Power Plant's turbine hall. Source: Bloomberg

The Steam Turbine must operate continuously and reliably for maximum base-load power generation. For large 1000 MWe nuclear power plants, low-speed (1,500 rpm or 1,800 rpm) turbines, such as GE Vernova's Arabelle, are frequently selected for their high reliability, robustness, and resistance to blade erosion, evidenced by their use in major new-build projects like the Hinkley Point C project in the UK and the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant in Turkey. The Generator is coupled to the turbine and converts this mechanical energy into electricity, which is then fed to the grid.

• Both the turbine and generator are designed for the full 60-year operational life of the nuclear plant.
• Major Maintenance (overhauls) is typically scheduled during refueling outages. Typically on every second to third fuelling cycle, usually every four to six years, requiring the dismantling, inspection, and possible replacement of internal components like turbine blades and generator windings.
• Routine Maintenance is continuous and condition-based, involving monitoring of lubrication systems, temperature, and vibration analysis.

These highly complex components are manufactured by a few global technology leaders, including:

• Shanghai Electric: A major domestic supplier supporting the vast expansion of China's nuclear fleet.
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI): Supplied key turbine equipment for the world's first AP1000 reactors at the Sanmen and Haiyang Nuclear Power Stations in China.
• Doosan Enerbility: Has supplied components to numerous domestic South Korean plants and the Barakah plant in the UAE.
• GE Vernova
• Siemens Energy
• Ansaldo Energia

Local Potential: While the main turbine-generator sets are imported, local industry can support in the construction of deep turbine foundations and the installation support for this heavy machinery. Local electrical firms can handle the installation, testing, and commissioning of the generator's auxiliary and control systems.

2.2. Condensers, Feedwater Heaters, and Moisture Separator Reheaters (MSRs)

These large heat exchangers and steam processors are essential components of the Conventional Island, working to maximize thermodynamic efficiency by recovering heat and drying steam before it returns to the turbine or the reactor system.

Condensers: These are massive shell-and-tube heat exchangers located below the low-pressure turbine. Their primary function is to cool exhausted steam back into water (condensate). The tubes must be highly resistant to corrosion from cooling water (seawater, river water, etc.). Common materials used in their construction include Titanium, Stainless Steel (316L), or Copper-nickel alloys. The outer condenser structures/shells are typically made using carbon steel.

Image showing a Nuclear Power Plant's condenser units outside a turbine hall. Source: Nooter Construction

Feedwater Heaters: These are shell-and-tube heat exchangers that use extracted steam from the turbine stages to pre-heat the condensate. This process significantly improves the overall plant efficiency by reducing the heat required from the reactor/steam generators. They require precise tube-to-tubesheet welding during fabrication.

Moisture Separator Reheaters (MSRs): These are critical for high-reliability turbine operation. Located between the high-pressure and low-pressure turbine sections, MSRs remove moisture from the steam and reheat it, which is essential for protecting low-pressure turbine blades from erosion caused by wet steam. They utilize stainless steel components.

Local Potential in Fabrication and Supply:

Although this equipment is highly specialized, its non-nuclear nature presents a significant opportunity for local participation and supply chain integration.

The materials, such as the tubes which are sometimes made of Titanium, require highly specialized manufacturing processes. This involves specialized machinery, such as high-precision tube drawing and rolling mills and advanced orbital welding systems for seamless fabrication.

Manufacturing these specific items without pre-existing, certified machinery results in 'First of a Kind' (FOAK) equipment, thereby raising initial capital costs and requiring substantial human resource training.

The condenser shells, often made of heavy-duty carbon steel, can potentially be manufactured in Kenya, as there are currently existing local companies with years of experience in fabricating pressure vessels and heat exchangers. However, further research is needed to determine the precise manufacturing capacity of local firms, including the maximum specifications (e.g., diameters, thicknesses, and tolerances) of existing plate rollers and bending machines.

This information is essential for formulating effective policy and increasing cooperation between local industry firms, the government, and the potential NPP supplier. In summary, there are significant opportunities for local industry to participate in the supply chain:

2.3. Cooling Water and Auxiliary Piping Systems

Extensive piping is required for circulating cooling water, condensate, and high-pressure steam lines, typically about 2km in length.

The materials used in piping include Carbon steel (ASTM A106, A53) and Stainless steel (ASTM A312). High-pressure steam lines use creep-resistant low-alloy steels (e.g., P22, P91).

Local Potential: Local manufacturers can supply a substantial portion of the conventional piping components (fittings, flanges) and provide the specialized installation and non-destructive testing (NDE) services.

2.4. Welding Requirements for Turbine Island (Conventional Power Standards)

Welding must adhere to conventional power plant codes, though with strict Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) protocols to ensure the integrity of the power generation cycle.

Required Certifications and Standards:

Welding procedures must meet the following standards, which are essential for pressure boundary and structural integrity:

• High-Pressure Piping: Welding procedures must comply with ASME B31.1 (Power Piping). This involves pre-heat and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) for creep-resistant alloy steels used in main steam lines.
• Heat Exchangers: Tube-to-tubesheet welds require automated orbital welding for high integrity.
• Structural Welding: Welds for supports and general structures must comply with AWS D1.1 (Structural Welding Code).
• Pressure Boundary Welds: Welders and inspectors must hold ASME Section IX qualifications for pressure boundary welds.

2.5. Material Handling Equipment (Turbine Island Specific)

The primary handling requirement is for the installation and overhaul of the generator and turbine rotors. Local industry has high potential in the operation of this large gantry crane and heavy equipment for component installation.

2.6. Human Resource Requirements (Turbine Island)

Specialized technical staff with experience in large rotating machinery and thermal power generation are critical.

• Turbine Operators: Licensed personnel specializing in turbine startup, load changes, and shutdown procedures.
• I&C Technicians: Responsible for the calibration and maintenance of the conventional control systems (I&C) that regulate the turbine and generator auxiliaries. The design emphasizes uniformity for improved maintenance.
• Mechanical Maintenance Engineers: Experts in precision alignment and balancing of high-speed rotating equipment, including turbine rotors and pump sets.

Turbine Island Components and Materials Overview

3.1. BOP Systems Overview (Reference: 1000 MWe Class Thermal Plant)

The BOP systems for a nuclear plant mirror the auxiliary systems of a large-scale fossil-fuel thermal power project, such as a 2x(500 MWe or above) facility.

Image showing some of the civil construction works at a Akkuyu NPP in Turkiye. Source: Daily Sabah

These systems are essential for plant functionality but do not handle radioactive materials. The systems include:

• Circulating Water System (CWS): Large pumps and piping for moving cooling water from the water source (or cooling towers) to the condenser. Requires large-scale civil structures and deep foundations for pump houses.
• Fire Protection, Detection & Alarm System: Includes pumps, piping, valves, and control panels required for plant safety.
• Water Treatment Plant (WTP): Systems for treating raw water for use as boiler feed/make-up water (demineralization, reverse osmosis).
• Fuel Oil Handling System: Storage and transfer system for diesel generators and emergency boilers.

3.2. Cooling Towers and Auxiliary Buildings (Civil Works Opportunities)

Cooling towers are large, complex civil structures designed to efficiently dissipate waste heat from the plant. However, it is not a must for a nuclear power plant to have a cooling tower, especially if it is constructed next to a large water body.

Image showing a Nuclear Power Plant cooling tower. Source: Duke Energy

• Materials: Construction predominantly uses mass quantities of reinforced concrete (25-40 MPa) and carbon steel rebar (A615). The internal fill material is typically PVC.
• Local Potential: Local cement manufacturers, aggregate suppliers, concrete batching plants, and civil construction firms have the capability to undertake the full scope of cooling tower and auxiliary building construction. Strict adherence to quality assurance (QA/QC) is still mandatory.

3.3. Transformers and Switchyards (Electrical & Logistics)

This infrastructure provides the critical link between the plant's generator and the national electrical transmission grid, covering the main step-up transformers and the high-voltage switchyard equipment.

Component Materials and Specifications:

The main electrical equipment requires highly specialized materials to handle extreme voltages and ensure plant safety:

• Transformers: Utilize specialized materials such as silicon steel cores, copper or aluminum windings, and large carbon steel tanks.
• Switchyard Components: Require high-conductivity copper or aluminum busbars and high-voltage porcelain or composite insulators. Structural supports are constructed from steel alloys.
• Electrical Wiring/Cabling: All cables must meet specialized standards for fire retardancy, low smoke, halogen-free, and radiation resistance (where applicable), utilizing insulation types such as XLPE, PVC, EPR, mica tape, ceramic silicone rubber, or PTFE.

There are currently no manufacturers in Kenya capable of producing the specialized, high-capacity, high-voltage transformers (e.g., Main Step-Up Transformers) required for a nuclear power plant. These critical components must be imported.

• Local Potential (Services): Local electrical engineering firms can manage the comprehensive installation, testing, and commissioning of the switchyard components, including cable laying, termination, and system integration.
• Local Potential (Fabrication): Opportunities exist for local fabrication of auxiliary supporting infrastructure, such as non-critical steel transformer tanks (under strategic technological partnerships), cable trays, and busbar supports.

3.4. Welding Requirements for Balance of Plant (BOP)

Welding in the BOP mainly focuses on conventional construction codes, providing a larger scope for certified local contractors.

• Structural Welding: All steel structures for buildings, pipe racks, switchyard supports, and water intake structures must comply with AWS D1.1 (Structural Welding Code).
• Process Piping: Non-safety related process lines (e.g., domestic water, fire protection, low-pressure air) require welding to ASME B31.3 (Process Piping) standards.
• Tank and Vessel Fabrication: Storage tanks (water, fuel oil) require welding certification to API 650 (Welded Tanks for Oil Storage) or equivalent standards.

3.5. Human Resource Requirements (BOP)

The BOP requires a broad spectrum of skilled technical staff, many of whom possess experience transferable from other large infrastructure projects.

• Civil Maintenance Staff: Personnel skilled in maintaining concrete structures, roads, drainage, and utility tunnels.
• Water Chemistry Technicians: Responsible for operating the Water Treatment Plant (WTP), including monitoring water purity, chemical dosing, and managing waste streams.
• Logistics and Warehouse Managers: Essential for managing the enormous inventory of spare parts and consumables required for a 60-year plant life.
• Security and Fire Safety Personnel: On-site teams trained in plant-specific security protocols and emergency response, including the operation of the dedicated Fire Protection System.

3.6. Emergency Power and Critical Auxiliaries (Diesel Generators)

Emergency Power Systems are vital non-nuclear safety-related systems. They ensure immediate, reliable backup power to the reactor's essential safety systems (like emergency core cooling pumps, instrumentation, and ventilation) in the event of a Loss of Offsite Power (LOOP). This is achieved through highly reliable Emergency Diesel Generators (EDGs) and specialized battery banks.

EDGs are typically very large, robust, medium-speed engines (e.g., 5-10 MW each) installed in dedicated, seismically qualified concrete bunkers. The fuel oil storage tanks and transfer piping must also meet stringent nuclear safety and environmental standards.

Key Requirements and Standards:

• Reliability: EDGs must start and achieve full load in under 10 seconds. International standards like IEEE 387 dictate design and qualification.
• Seismic Qualification: The entire assembly (engine, generator, and auxiliary equipment) must be capable of operating after a design-basis earthquake (DBE).
• Fuel Handling: Diesel storage and transfer systems must be designed to NFPA 30 standards for handling combustible liquids, scaled for the multi-day fuel reserve required.

Local Potential: While the EDGs themselves are imported, their installation, testing, and ongoing maintenance (including engine overhauls and component replacement) represent significant, long-term technical service opportunities. Kenyan firms can undertake the civil construction of the seismically qualified EDG bunkers, install the fuel oil tanks and transfer piping, and provide all necessary electrical wiring and battery system installation services.

3.7. Site Infrastructure, Physical Security & Access Control

Site infrastructure covers the essential facilities required to support plant operation and meet mandatory physical protection regulations, creating high localization potential in civil and electrical works.

Key Components and Requirements:

• Physical Security Systems: Involves the construction of the Protected Area (PA) boundary, including hardened security walls/fences, Vehicle Access Barriers (VABs), guard towers, and intrusion detection systems (e.g., CCTV, motion sensors). This must comply with the Kenyan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (KNRA) security requirements, based on IAEA recommendations.
• Site Buildings & Roads: Construction of the Administration Building, Training Center, Warehouse, Guard Houses, and all primary/secondary roads within the site perimeter.
• IT/Data Networks: Installation of conventional IT infrastructure for administrative and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems (separate from the critical I&C networks).

Local Potential: This area provides some of the highest and most immediate opportunities for local contractors. Kenyan civil engineering firms can handle 100% of the site grading, road construction, perimeter security wall construction, and all non-nuclear building construction (using standard local materials like concrete and rebar). Local security installation firms can be trained to integrate and commission the electronic access control, CCTV, and intrusion detection systems under the guidance of the nuclear vendor's security team.

3.8. Human Resource Requirements (BOP)

The BOP requires a broad spectrum of skilled technical staff, many of whom possess experience transferable from other large infrastructure projects.

• Civil Maintenance Staff: Personnel skilled in maintaining concrete structures, roads, drainage, and utility tunnels.
• Water Chemistry Technicians: Responsible for operating the Water Treatment Plant (WTP), including monitoring water purity, chemical dosing, and managing waste streams.
• Logistics and Warehouse Managers: Essential for managing the enormous inventory of spare parts and consumables required for a 60-year plant life.
• Security and Fire Safety Personnel: On-site teams trained in plant-specific security protocols and emergency response, including the operation of the dedicated Fire Protection System.

Balance of Plant Components and Materials Overview (Updated)